Before arrest. Some communities are using mediation and arbitration centers for resolving family and neighborhood disputes. For instance, the Citizens Dispute Settlement Project in Columbus, Ohio, uses law students to do this. The project is credited with lowering the number of minor arrests and assaults by 22 percent. San Francisco's Delancey Street Foundation has a residential center where drug addicts are sent for counseling. Erie, Pa., offers similar help to inebriates.
Before trial. Citations and summonses, similar to traffic tickets, are given for certain misdemeanors, such as disorderly conduct. The offender is allowed to pay a fine, rather than go to jail. Some courts are using non-bail release which relies on a third party or a court-appointed supervisor to ensure an accused's appearance at trial.
During a trial. Some cities are using weekend and night courts to handle the large number of arrests that occur over weekends. Without such off-hour court sessions, jails are frequently filled to capacity over weekends. In place of prison, some communities require Violators to pay compensation to victims in larceny, burglary, and auto theft cases. Some judges sentence minor offenders to perform some kind of community service. Georgia, which handles 85 percent of its misdemeanors and 15 percent of its felony convictions in this manner, has lowered its county jail population by a daily average of 66 percent.
逮捕前。有一些社区正在利用调解和仲裁中心，来解决家庭和邻里纠纷。例如，在俄亥俄州歌伦布，市民调解纠纷课题组利用法律系学生从事这项工作。据说，由于实行这项计划，有轻微违法行为而被逮捕的人数和犯有人身伤害罪的人数减少了22%。旧金山德兰西街道基金会在居民区设有一个咨询中心，帮助吸毒者解决问题。宾夕法尼亚州的伊利市也给予酗酒者类似的帮助。
审讯前。法院对某些犯有扰乱治安之类轻微违法行为的人发出传票，就像对违反交通规则的人员发出违章通知单一样。对违法者科以罚金，而不判处监禁。有些法院采取无保释放的办法，依靠第三者或法院指定的监督人保证被告在审讯时出庭。
审讯期间。有些城市采取周末开庭和夜间开庭的办法，来处理周末逮捕的大批人员。如不加班开庭，每到周末，监狱往往人满为患。有些社区在处理小偷小摸破门入室和偷盗汽车案件时，不采用收监服刑的办法，而要求罪犯向受害者赔偿损失。有些法官判处犯有轻微违法行为的人从事某种社区服务。佐治亚州用这种办法判处了85%的轻罪犯人和15%的重罪犯人，使这个州各县监狱的日平均在押人数下降了66%。
男，51岁。间歇性上腹痛10年，持续并逐渐加重一年，伴食欲不振、腹胀、腹泻，为糊状便。1～3次／日。一年来体重下降。入院查血压、心肺未见异常，腹软，上腹偏左轻压痛，余未见明显异常。辅助检查：尿糖(-)，尿淀粉酶正常，血糖11．1mmol／L，血淀粉酶正常，粪便苏丹Ⅲ染色(+)；B超：胆囊多发结石，胰腺回声不均，胰实质内可见0．5cm×0．3cm强回声光团，伴声影，肝脾未见异常。可能性最大的诊断是
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急性肝炎时，LDH同工酶谱中以何种增高为主
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外源性TG主要由血浆中哪一种脂蛋白运输
