以欧洲文艺复兴和现代艺术流派的出现为例，试说明艺术流派和艺术思潮的产生与社会变革和社会思潮的联系。
(1)在一个时代或一个时期中，社会上的经济、政治、哲学、科学以及文化方面的重大斗争和变革会产生一定的社会思潮，反映到文艺上就会产生一定的文艺思潮。欧洲16世纪，正是资产阶级革命的时代。新兴资产阶级的革命口号是“自由、平等、博爱”，是向封建领主统治者要自由、要平等，而文艺界配合这场变革的是文艺复兴运动。它的哲学基础是以人性论和人道主义为核心的反封建、反教会的人文主义思潮。在艺术领域里，出现了意大利文艺复兴三杰——达·芬奇、米开朗琪罗、拉斐尔；英国的莎士比亚；西班牙的塞万提斯等。这一时期是“人类从来没有经历过的最伟大的、进步的变革。是一个需要巨人而且产生了巨人——在思维能力、热情和性格方面，在多才多艺和学识渊博方面的巨人的时代”(恩格斯：《自然辩证法·导言》)。文艺界的伟大变革突破了“神”的框架限制，改变了僵硬、威压、死板的艺术气氛，以表现人为主题，取得了伟大的成功。达·芬奇创作的《最后的晚餐》把耶稣和十二个门徒全部人格化了，再不是中世纪带灵圈、僵化的神了。他的《蒙娜丽莎》描绘的是人，是有着美好瞬间微笑的人。而米开朗琪罗的《大卫》雕像，把年轻的大卫塑造得非常完美，是人体的典范，他的精神、气质都是人的，是少年英雄气质的体现。拉斐尔塑造的圣母，全部是善良而美丽的女人典型，他认为善良而美丽的女性都可以做圣母，他．画的《西斯廷圣母》、《岩间圣母》、《草地上的圣母》形象都不一样，表现的都是美丽善良的人间女性。他们歌颂的都是人，而不是神。莎士比亚的戏剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《奥赛罗》、《哈姆雷特》同样无一不是突出了人性美，突出人的神圣。
(2)欧美的现代艺术流派出现的原因不尽相同，或是革新或是保守或是审美观点不同而形成的。如法国的巴比松画派，是受启蒙学者卢梭的空想主义的影响，希望在现实社会中找到一个世外桃源。他们继承了17世纪荷兰画派和18世纪英国风景画的优秀传统，到巴比松林区去追求大自然的意趣，如米勒、科罗等画家。另一方面他们将风景画从古典主义束缚下解放出来，又发掘出比浪漫主义更美妙、更完善的美的境界。19世纪下半叶，印象派画家不满足官方学院派的墨守成规，在艺术上要求创作自由。由于当时光学的迅速发展，他们在继承巴比松画派的基础上，把光和色的科学原理运用到艺术法则上来，大大丰富了绘画色彩的表现能力，如莫奈画的《日出·印象》。与此同时出现了后期印象派。逐渐把现实变形，抓住艺术的某一特点给以夸张，就又有了毕加索的立体派，乃至以梦境为内容的达利的超现实主义画派。最后在美国又出现了超级现实主义等众多流派，这些流派有的只是昙花一现，有的对现代艺术的发展起到促进作用，有的出现了明显脱离现实的倾向。
(3)总之，艺术流派或艺术思潮，必然有其特定的思想基础、审美倾向和艺术风格、艺术趣味。在艺术领域所出现的具有较大影响的思想潮流和创作倾向，总离不开一定的社会条件，特别是受到一定的社会思潮和哲学思潮的影响。
学校将组织一次英语演讲比赛，打算邀请外教（John）来做评委。请你（Li Yuan）给他写一封e—mail，内容包括：?
·邀请他担任评委（judge）；?
·告知他比赛安排（如：时间、地点等）；?
·希望他赛后进行点评；?
·期待他能接受邀请。
A.I am free on Sunday.
B.See you then!
C.Where are you planning to go?
D.No,thanks.
E.I need a break!
F.Would you like to join us?
G.That is a lovely place.
H.When shall we leave?
Daniel:How are you doing,Linda?
Linda:To be honest,I am really tired of my
Heahh care experts have long drawn attention to the problems of eating too much sah．There isstrong evidence that a diet high in salt can lead to raised blood pressure．Since high blood pressure is amajor factor in heart disease．it makes sense to cut down on the salt people eat．?
In the past，food contained very little salt，and people added it to their food at the table．Very fewpeople ?add ?salt this ?way ?nowadays．However，the ?salt ?content ?of processed ?foods has ?gone ?updramatically．It’s now estimated that over three．quarters of the salt in the average diet comes fromprocessed foods，eaten without our being aware of it．?
Salt is added to food partly to extend shelf-life．but more often it’s dropped in to make up for theflavor lost in the manufacturing process．This is especially true of ready meals and highly processedfoods．but it’s also true of such basic food as biscuits，soups，and even bread．Much mass—producedbread，for instance．contains so much salt．half a gram for every hundred grams of bread--that it’sofficiallv classified bv the UK government as high——salt food．Salt has to be added to the bread becausefast Droduetion cuts down the time for the flavor to develop．Without added salt，the bread would tastelike paper．?
In the UK，the government has launched a campaign to cut down on the salt people eat．The UK Food Standards Agency argues that nearly half of the UK’s population eat too much salt—9．5 9 a day onaverage．Its aim is to bring down the average t0 69 a day．The idea is to cut the salt content in 85 keyfood categories such as bread．meat．and cakes．?
?What is the passage mainly about?
Heahh care experts have long drawn attention to the problems of eating too much sah．There isstrong evidence that a diet high in salt can lead to raised blood pressure．Since high blood pressure is amajor factor in heart disease．it makes sense to cut down on the salt people eat．?
In the past，food contained very little salt，and people added it to their food at the table．Very fewpeople ?add ?salt this ?way ?nowadays．However，the ?salt ?content ?of processed ?foods has ?gone ?updramatically．It’s now estimated that over three．quarters of the salt in the average diet comes fromprocessed foods，eaten without our being aware of it．?
Salt is added to food partly to extend shelf-life．but more often it’s dropped in to make up for theflavor lost in the manufacturing process．This is especially true of ready meals and highly processedfoods．but it’s also true of such basic food as biscuits，soups，and even bread．Much mass—producedbread，for instance．contains so much salt．half a gram for every hundred grams of bread--that it’sofficiallv classified bv the UK government as high——salt food．Salt has to be added to the bread becausefast Droduetion cuts down the time for the flavor to develop．Without added salt，the bread would tastelike paper．?
In the UK，the government has launched a campaign to cut down on the salt people eat．The UK Food Standards Agency argues that nearly half of the UK’s population eat too much salt—9．5 9 a day onaverage．Its aim is to bring down the average t0 69 a day．The idea is to cut the salt content in 85 keyfood categories such as bread．meat．and cakes．?
Which of the following is classified as high—salt food by the UK government?
Heahh care experts have long drawn attention to the problems of eating too much sah．There isstrong evidence that a diet high in salt can lead to raised blood pressure．Since high blood pressure is amajor factor in heart disease．it makes sense to cut down on the salt people eat．?
In the past，food contained very little salt，and people added it to their food at the table．Very fewpeople ?add ?salt this ?way ?nowadays．However，the ?salt ?content ?of processed ?foods has ?gone ?updramatically．It’s now estimated that over three．quarters of the salt in the average diet comes fromprocessed foods，eaten without our being aware of it．?
Salt is added to food partly to extend shelf-life．but more often it’s dropped in to make up for theflavor lost in the manufacturing process．This is especially true of ready meals and highly processedfoods．but it’s also true of such basic food as biscuits，soups，and even bread．Much mass—producedbread，for instance．contains so much salt．half a gram for every hundred grams of bread--that it’sofficiallv classified bv the UK government as high——salt food．Salt has to be added to the bread becausefast Droduetion cuts down the time for the flavor to develop．Without added salt，the bread would tastelike paper．?
In the UK，the government has launched a campaign to cut down on the salt people eat．The UK Food Standards Agency argues that nearly half of the UK’s population eat too much salt—9．5 9 a day onaverage．Its aim is to bring down the average t0 69 a day．The idea is to cut the salt content in 85 keyfood categories such as bread．meat．and cakes．?
What can be inferred about people’s use of salt in the past?
Heahh care experts have long drawn attention to the problems of eating too much sah．There isstrong evidence that a diet high in salt can lead to raised blood pressure．Since high blood pressure is amajor factor in heart disease．it makes sense to cut down on the salt people eat．?
In the past，food contained very little salt，and people added it to their food at the table．Very fewpeople ?add ?salt this ?way ?nowadays．However，the ?salt ?content ?of processed ?foods has ?gone ?updramatically．It’s now estimated that over three．quarters of the salt in the average diet comes fromprocessed foods，eaten without our being aware of it．?
Salt is added to food partly to extend shelf-life．but more often it’s dropped in to make up for theflavor lost in the manufacturing process．This is especially true of ready meals and highly processedfoods．but it’s also true of such basic food as biscuits，soups，and even bread．Much mass—producedbread，for instance．contains so much salt．half a gram for every hundred grams of bread--that it’sofficiallv classified bv the UK government as high——salt food．Salt has to be added to the bread becausefast Droduetion cuts down the time for the flavor to develop．Without added salt，the bread would tastelike paper．?
In the UK，the government has launched a campaign to cut down on the salt people eat．The UK Food Standards Agency argues that nearly half of the UK’s population eat too much salt—9．5 9 a day onaverage．Its aim is to bring down the average t0 69 a day．The idea is to cut the salt content in 85 keyfood categories such as bread．meat．and cakes．?
What is the main reason for reducing salt in food?
My boyfriend really enjoyed canoeing (划独木舟), and it took me a while to finally persuade himto take me on a canoe trip. Despite his great skill, he was nervous about my safety and described manyterrible situations that could happen. "They could also not happen," I said. I wanted to prove that I wastough and capable of adventuring.?
This would be a romantic adventure. We would row the canoe on the lake under a beautiful bluesky. I was confident it would all go according to plan.?
It did not go as planned. Instead,?it all went downhill. We hit a headwind (逆风). The flies werethe worst. An unknown animal outside our tent in the night forced us to get up twice to scare it away.We walked through knee-deep mud; we moved around so many fallen trees that we lost the wayfrequently. We had an unexpected thunderstorm on our second night. We hid in our tent from the bugs(虫子), too tired and bitten to even hold each other. When we were finally back in the car, my skinwas hot and angry with bug bites, I had barely slept in 72 hours and I had an injury on my forehead fromhitting it on the canoe.?
Yet I realized that I wanted to do it all again. Because I swam in a lake so warm it felt like asummer pool. ?I ate lunch on an island with the most beautiful pine trees. ?I' d also never beforeappreciated how thunder can make the ground tremble. I know why my boyfriend loves canoeing somuch. It' s for the challenge, the space, and the beauty of moving forward with your own two hands ina place of natural wonder. He didn' t say "I love you. " He said I was a good partner. I' ve foundsomething that I really like to do. That' s the more important thing.?
What would be the best title for the passage?
My boyfriend really enjoyed canoeing (划独木舟), and it took me a while to finally persuade himto take me on a canoe trip. Despite his great skill, he was nervous about my safety and described manyterrible situations that could happen. "They could also not happen," I said. I wanted to prove that I wastough and capable of adventuring.?
This would be a romantic adventure. We would row the canoe on the lake under a beautiful bluesky. I was confident it would all go according to plan.?
It did not go as planned. Instead,?it all went downhill. We hit a headwind (逆风). The flies werethe worst. An unknown animal outside our tent in the night forced us to get up twice to scare it away.We walked through knee-deep mud; we moved around so many fallen trees that we lost the wayfrequently. We had an unexpected thunderstorm on our second night. We hid in our tent from the bugs(虫子), too tired and bitten to even hold each other. When we were finally back in the car, my skinwas hot and angry with bug bites, I had barely slept in 72 hours and I had an injury on my forehead fromhitting it on the canoe.?
Yet I realized that I wanted to do it all again. Because I swam in a lake so warm it felt like asummer pool. ?I ate lunch on an island with the most beautiful pine trees. ?I' d also never beforeappreciated how thunder can make the ground tremble. I know why my boyfriend loves canoeing somuch. It' s for the challenge, the space, and the beauty of moving forward with your own two hands ina place of natural wonder. He didn' t say "I love you. " He said I was a good partner. I' ve foundsomething that I really like to do. That' s the more important thing.?
Which of the following happened during their canoe trip?
My boyfriend really enjoyed canoeing (划独木舟), and it took me a while to finally persuade himto take me on a canoe trip. Despite his great skill, he was nervous about my safety and described manyterrible situations that could happen. "They could also not happen," I said. I wanted to prove that I wastough and capable of adventuring.?
This would be a romantic adventure. We would row the canoe on the lake under a beautiful bluesky. I was confident it would all go according to plan.?
It did not go as planned. Instead,?it all went downhill. We hit a headwind (逆风). The flies werethe worst. An unknown animal outside our tent in the night forced us to get up twice to scare it away.We walked through knee-deep mud; we moved around so many fallen trees that we lost the wayfrequently. We had an unexpected thunderstorm on our second night. We hid in our tent from the bugs(虫子), too tired and bitten to even hold each other. When we were finally back in the car, my skinwas hot and angry with bug bites, I had barely slept in 72 hours and I had an injury on my forehead fromhitting it on the canoe.?
Yet I realized that I wanted to do it all again. Because I swam in a lake so warm it felt like asummer pool. ?I ate lunch on an island with the most beautiful pine trees. ?I' d also never beforeappreciated how thunder can make the ground tremble. I know why my boyfriend loves canoeing somuch. It' s for the challenge, the space, and the beauty of moving forward with your own two hands ina place of natural wonder. He didn' t say "I love you. " He said I was a good partner. I' ve foundsomething that I really like to do. That' s the more important thing.?
What does the sentence“it all went downhill”in Paragraph 3 mean?
My boyfriend really enjoyed canoeing (划独木舟), and it took me a while to finally persuade himto take me on a canoe trip. Despite his great skill, he was nervous about my safety and described manyterrible situations that could happen. "They could also not happen," I said. I wanted to prove that I wastough and capable of adventuring.?
This would be a romantic adventure. We would row the canoe on the lake under a beautiful bluesky. I was confident it would all go according to plan.?
It did not go as planned. Instead,?it all went downhill. We hit a headwind (逆风). The flies werethe worst. An unknown animal outside our tent in the night forced us to get up twice to scare it away.We walked through knee-deep mud; we moved around so many fallen trees that we lost the wayfrequently. We had an unexpected thunderstorm on our second night. We hid in our tent from the bugs(虫子), too tired and bitten to even hold each other. When we were finally back in the car, my skinwas hot and angry with bug bites, I had barely slept in 72 hours and I had an injury on my forehead fromhitting it on the canoe.?
Yet I realized that I wanted to do it all again. Because I swam in a lake so warm it felt like asummer pool. ?I ate lunch on an island with the most beautiful pine trees. ?I' d also never beforeappreciated how thunder can make the ground tremble. I know why my boyfriend loves canoeing somuch. It' s for the challenge, the space, and the beauty of moving forward with your own two hands ina place of natural wonder. He didn' t say "I love you. " He said I was a good partner. I' ve foundsomething that I really like to do. That' s the more important thing.?
Why did the writer want to have a canoe trip with her boyfriend?
