为了消除一种不良行为，我们可以使用惩罚、消退和分化性强化等方-考网

为了消除一种不良行为，我们可以使用惩罚、消退和分化性强化等方式。它们有何优、缺点？各自的适用范围怎样？

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本题解析：

(1)惩罚。惩罚是指当有机体做出某种反应以后，呈现一个厌恶刺激或不愉快刺激，以消除或抑制此类反应的过程。在学校教育中，我们通常是给学生呈现厌恶刺激，或者使用隔离性措施，让学生体验到不愉快的情感体验。这种方法能够立刻让学生从不适宜行为中脱离出来，但是其持久性不强，且易对学生产生不良的心理影响。一般，惩罚比较适合于比较明显的攻击性行为，如打架斗殴等。但应用时，要把握好时机和程度。通常，在教学中，我们不强调运用惩罚。

(2)消退。消退是指通过消除强化降低某一个行为的概率。教学过程中运用消退比较困难，有时即使问题行为减弱，也可能突然重新出现,这是自然恢复现象。教师在使用消退时应注意前后一致地忽视某些不好的行为，并且应结合使用其他的方法，如强化适当的行为。

(3)分化性强化。分化则是对事物的差异的反应。分化性强化是指我们要利用一些线索、信号和信息来强化某些特定的行为、目标等。在教学过程中，教师为强化某一行为，应该明确告诉学生做出某一反应会得到某种奖励，这样学生的学习目标就会很明确，学习动机就会增强。要使学生学会分化，还必须对他们反应的正确和错误提供反馈。

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If you don′t think a phone is the rightgift for a lover, the smart choice this year is a smart phone.

For people who don′t read instructions

The easiest-to-use phone is the iPhone. It′sthat has pushed it to the No.1 selling position, surpassing the Motorola Razr.The iPhone′s touch screen is easy to operate and it′s also easy to customize (用户化). The iPhone can run allsorts of applications such as those help you to lose weight, identify a song onthe radio, find a restaurant or do many other things.

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The T-Mobile G1 is very popular as it is thefirst phone to offer a Google browser, meaning that you′re getting the real webon your phone, but it′s the phone′s potential that qualifies it for the futurist.The exciting applications are interesting, but they don′t always work smoothly.Sometimes it is hard to use the applications it comes with. The system shouldimprove as it becomes more popular, so it holds great promise. With fewrestrictions on the design of applications for the phone,

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The new BlackBerry Storm is something likethe equivalent (等同物) of a mullet--a business up front, party in the back. It stillincorporates the serious mail and organization features that have endeared (使受钟爱) these phones to business people. The 3.25-inch is bright anddetailed and it′s a decent size for watching videos on the go.

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