简要分析尝试一错误说与完形一顿悟说。
[参考答案]尝试一错误说是由现代教育心理学家桑代克提出，他把人和动物的学习定义为刺激与反应之间的联结，认为这种联结的形成是通过盲目尝试一逐步减少错误一再尝试这样一个往复的过程习得的。桑代克认为动物依照某种一般的冲动行事，随错误反应的逐渐减少，正确反应的逐渐巩固，最终形成稳定的刺激一反应联结。苛勒的完形一顿悟说认为，学习是个体利用本身的智慧与理解力对情境及情境与自身关系的顿悟，而不是动作的积累或盲目尝试。学习的实质是在主体内部构造完形，完形是一种心理结构，是对事物关系的认知。苛勒认为，学习过程中问题解决，都是由于对情境中事物关系的理解而构成一种“完形”来实现的。桑代克的尝试一错误学习和苛勒的完形一顿悟学习并不是互相排斥和绝对对立的。尝试一错误往往是顿悟的前奏，顿悟则是练习到某种程度时出现的结果。尝试一错误和顿悟在人类学习中均极为常见，它们是两种不同方式、不同阶段或不同水平的学习类型。一般来说，简单的、主体已有经验可循的问题解决，往往不需要进行反复的尝试一错误；而对于复杂的、创造性的问题解决，大多需要经过尝试一错误的过程，方能产生顿悟。
我国保护少年儿童权益的专项法律是《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》。（ ）
根据以下材料，回答题
If you don′t think a phone is the rightgift for a lover, the smart choice this year is a smart phone.
For people who don′t read instructions
The easiest-to-use phone is the iPhone. It′sthat has pushed it to the No.1 selling position, surpassing the Motorola Razr.The iPhone′s touch screen is easy to operate and it′s also easy to customize (用户化). The iPhone can run allsorts of applications such as those help you to lose weight, identify a song onthe radio, find a restaurant or do many other things.
For the futurist
The T-Mobile G1 is very popular as it is thefirst phone to offer a Google browser, meaning that you′re getting the real webon your phone, but it′s the phone′s potential that qualifies it for the futurist.The exciting applications are interesting, but they don′t always work smoothly.Sometimes it is hard to use the applications it comes with. The system shouldimprove as it becomes more popular, so it holds great promise. With fewrestrictions on the design of applications for the phone,
the G1 could be the first phone toincorporate (整合) some of the coolest.
For the road warrior
The new BlackBerry Storm is something likethe equivalent (等同物) of a mullet--a business up front, party in the back. It stillincorporates the serious mail and organization features that have endeared (使受钟爱) these phones to business people. The 3.25-inch is bright anddetailed and it′s a decent size for watching videos on the go.
For the Luddite (反对技术进步的人)
For those who can′t handle buttons and newfeatures, there is the Samsung Jitterbug Dial. Some people are Luddites whojust want a few large buttons to make calls. That′s it, just calls. That makesit even easier to use an iPhone.
What would be the best title forthe passage (no more than 6 words)
________________________________________________________________________
简述学生的义务。
依据《普通高中英语课程标准》，语言有丰富的文化内涵。教师应根据学生的年龄特点和__________ ，逐步扩展文化知识的内容和范围。
计算机软件是指（ ）。
下面哪一项不属于维护交易安全原则的内容？（ ）
围绕《建国以来的重大科技成就》一课，做一个教案。
请围绕“城乡发展一体化”写一篇小论文，题目自拟，角度不限，要求：结构完善、条理清晰、有说服力。
在国际关系中，第三世界国家历来是中国团结合作的对象，因为 ①第三世界国家是国际社会一支重要的政治力量 ②团结第三世界国家符合中国的国家利益 ③合作是第三世界国家共同发展的必由之路 ④第三世界国家在南北关系中处于主导地位（ ）
微观经济学要解决的问题是（ ）
