当前位置:首页 → 职业资格 → 教师资格 → 中学英语学科知识与教学能力->请阅读Passage2。完成第小题。Passage2Them
请阅读Passage 2。完成第小题。
Passage 2
The medical community owes economists a great deal. Amartya Sen won a Nobel Prize for Economic Sciences in 1998. He has spent his entire career promulgating ideas of justice and freedom, with health rarely out of his gaze. Joseph Stiglitz won a Noble in 2001. In 1998, when he was chief economist at the (then) notoriously regressive World Bank, he famously challenged the Washington Consensus. And Jeff Sachs, a controversial figure to some critics, can fairly lay claim to the enormous achievement of putting health at the center of the Millennium Development Goals.
His"Commission on Macroeconomics and Health" was a landmark report, providing explicit evidence to explain why attacking disease was absolutely necessary if poverty was to be eradicated.
And I must offer my own personal gratitude to a very special group of economists--Larry Summers,Dean Jamison, Kenneth Arrow, David Evans, and Sanjeev Gupta. They were the economic team that drove the work of Global Health 2035.
But although we might be kind to economists, perhaps we should be tougher on the disci li- of economics itself. For economics has much to answer for. Pick up any economics textbook, and you will see the priority given to markets and efficiency, price and utility, profit and competition.
These words have chilling effects on our quest for better health. They seem to marginalize those qualities of our lives that we value most of all--not our self-interest, but our humanity; not the costs and benefits of monetary exchange, but vision and ideals that guide our decisions. It was these issues that were addressed at last week's Global Health Lab, held at Lndon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
Anne Mills, Vice-Director of the School, fervently argued the case in favor of economists. It was they who contributed to understanding the idea of"best-buys" in global health. It was economists who challenged user fees. And it was economists who made the connection between health and economic growth, providing one of the most compelling political arguments for taking health seriously. Some economists might adore markets, but not health economists, she said.
"Health care is different." For her kind of economist, a health system is a"social institution that embodies the values of society".
Although competition has a part to play in health, it should be used judiciously as a mechanism to improve the quality of care. Chris Whitty, Chief Scientific Adviser at the UK's DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment,expressedhiscontemptforthosewhoprofess indifference to economics. Economics is about the efficient allocation of scarce resources. Anyone who backed the inefficient allocation of resources is"immoral". He did criticize economists for their arrogance, though. Economists seemed to believe their ideas should be accepted simply because of the authority they held as economists. Economics, he said, is only one science among many that policy makers have to take into account. But Clare Chandler, a medical anthropologist,took a different view. She asked, what has neoliberal economics ever done for global health? Her answer, in one word, was "inequality". Neoliberal economics frames the way we think and act. Her argument suggested that any economic philosophy that put a premium on free trade, privatization,minimal government, and reduced public spending on social and health sectors is a philosophy bereft of human virtue. The discussion that followed, led by Martin McKee, posed difficult questions. Why do economists pay such little attention to inequality? Why do economists treat their theories like religions? Why are economists so silent on their own failures? Can economics ever be apolitical? There were few satisfactory answers to these questions.
Which of the following best describes the author's attitude toward economists?
查看材料
作者对经济学家的态度是比较客观的。
(1)《普通高中历史课程标准(实验)》要求:
简述欧洲共同体的形成、日本成为世界经济大国和中国的振兴以及不结盟运动的兴起,了解世界多极化趋势在曲折中发展。
(2)课文摘录:
第二次世界大战使西欧丧失了世界政治经济中心的优势地位。在经济恢复和发展过程中,西欧国家间的联系日益密切.逐渐走上了联合的道路。
1951年,法、意、荷、比、卢、联邦德国六国签订了《巴黎条约》,决定建立欧洲煤钢共同体。这个共同体促使政治宿敌法德&r日-1的矛盾化解。后来,欧洲经济共同体和欧洲原子能共同体成立。1967年,这三个共同体合并为一个机构——欧洲共同体。欧洲共同体成立后,西欧国家不断加强经济合作.经济实力大大加强。
第二次世界大战期间,日本经济遭到严重破坏。第二次世界大战结束后,美国在强制拆迁工业设备、赔偿战胜国的同时,又推动日本政府进行民主改革,以铲除军国主义的社会经济基础。进一步消除生产关系中的封建落后因素。这就为日本经济恢复和发展奠定了基础。
随着经济的发展和实力的增强.日本开始谋求在国际舞台上发挥独特作用,20世纪80年代.日本提出成为政治大国的目标。
不结盟运动奉行非集团、不结盟政策,推动了民族解放运动深入发展,加速了帝国主义殖民体系的崩溃。20世纪70年代开始,不结盟运动把反对美苏两个超级大国的霸权主义作为重要任务,同时,将建立国际经济新秩序作为不结盟运动的行动纲领。不结盟运动的兴起,标志着广大发展中国家所构成的政治力量登上了国际政治舞台.在一定程度上冲击着两极格局。
要求:根据课程标准要求和课文内容,设计出相关的教学过程,包括教学环节、教师活动和学生活动。
下面是某教师授课时,对古代希腊和古代中国政治制度所作的比较:
师:从上表可知,古代希腊和古代中国由于自然地理条件的不同,社会经济活动的内容也因此不同,最终导致政治制度的不同。在古代希腊产生了民主制度,成为西方民主政治的源头;而古代中国形成了专制主义中央集权,造成中国长期的落后和封闭。?
问题:请对该教师所作的比较进行评价。
在探究学习方面,某教师对《走向多极化》一课作了如下教学策略的考虑:在明确学习内容、教学目标的前提下,要求学生收集相关资料。认真阅读教科书内容。同时,教师提供相关多媒体学习资料,要求学生将获取的知识与自己已有的知识进行重新组合,帮助学生在学习过程中形成自己的理解,提出自己的学习问题。
教师提出具体探究学习问题,形成一个问题群,问题如下:
第一目:“别了。雅尔塔”
(1)戈尔巴乔夫改革的背景与后果是什么
(2)“八一九”事件的实质和影响是什么
(3)讨论东欧剧变、苏联解体的原因.和影响(对社会主义运动的影响)。
第二目:鼎足之势话西方
(4)苏联解体后,美国的对外意愿及外交政策的三大支柱与核心思想是什么 它是如何推行霸权主义政策试图建立“单极世界”的
(5)欧洲一体化的过程和影响。
(6)冷战结束后,日本是如何谋求政治大国的 我们将怎样看待这个问题
第三目:走出低谷的俄罗斯
(7)苏联解体后,俄罗斯面临哪些严峻问题 为此俄罗斯政府又采取了什么措施
(8)谈谈你眼中的普京。
第四目:风云际会看东方
(9)发展中国家在当今世界历史发展中的地位和作用如何
(10)思考:我国如何应对世界格局的多极化曲折发展
围绕学习内容,逐步展示教师与学生制作的教学课件,创设和谐、启发性的教学情境。充分估计学生学习中的困难.坚持采用学生独立思考基础上的师生合作探究教学方式。
教师精选教学资源,思想、心理准备充分。教学采用教师设问、追问,学生提问、质疑,师生互答的方法,启发学生的思维活动。同时,适时回放有关资料,及时抓住学生回答中的思维火花,予以引导和延伸,给予肯定和鼓励。
问题:请对该教师所做的教学策略考虑予以评价。
梭伦改革的重要着力点之一是调节各阶层的政治权利。阅读下列材料,并回答问题。
材料一改革以前的雅典是贵族的寡头专政,平民不仅无权议政,而且处于债务奴役的状态。改革以后,贵族阶级固然还是当政的阶级,然而……从前实际上并无公民权利的平民,现在在公民大会中也听得到他们的声音了。
——顾准《希腊城邦制度》
材料二梭伦还必须面对雄心勃勃的新贵——那些人来自平民家族,对所谓“好父亲”集
团的世袭贵族垄断特权耿耿于怀。
——(美)波默罗伊等《古希腊政治、社会和文化史》
材料三(梭伦)仍然把保卫法律的职责授予阿勒俄琶菊斯议会(长老会议),这个议会仍旧是宪法的监察人。它监督最大多数的和最重要的国家大事,惩处罪人尤其有最高的权力,无论是罚金或是判刑。
——亚里士多德《雅典政制》
(1)据材料一,结合所学知识,指出梭伦为实现“在公民大会中也听得到他们的声音”所采取的措施.(4分)
(2)材料二中的“新贵”指的是哪个阶层 据材料二、三,结合所学知识,从权利分享和转移的角度,指出梭伦是如何缓释他们的“耿耿于怀”的。(6分)
(3)综合上述材料,结合所学知识,从权利分配的角度,说明后世“民主制度的拥护者和反对者都拥戴梭伦为鼻祖”的理由。
简述历史教学评价的功能。
比较秦汉与隋唐的官员选拔方式。列举它们的不同点,联系现实生活,你认为哪种方式更容易得到人才?更能体现公平竞争的精神?
秦朝时制定的法律细密严苛,实行“轻罪重罚”,古罗马《民法大全》规定“……不得基于怀疑而惩罚任何人……与其判处无罪之人,不如容许罪犯逃脱惩罚。”二者的最大差别是( )。
“凡父母双方均为公民者有公民权.公民十八岁时在他们村社的名簿中登记。”这一规定最有可能出现在( )。
第一次世界大战结束之际,意大利企业家阿格涅利提出,欧洲要想和平、强大,就必须借鉴美国的成功经验和失败教训.超越邦联阶段.建立联邦制的“欧洲合众国”。能够佐证上述观点的美国历史事实是( )。
①邦联政治结构松散,无力平息社会动荡
②联邦剥夺了各州的自主权,稳定了统治秩序
⑧邦联没有统一的关税,严重阻碍了经济发展
④联邦统一发行货币,促进了经济的有序发展
当代美国政治理论家罗伯特.达尔指出:“在民主国家,政治和官僚精英力量固然强大,远胜于普通公民,但他们还不是专制君主。”这表明( )。